Regardless of gender, less than 15% of human faces are considered symmetrical, and all faces can be deemed to have 'imperfections' in one or more features when viewed from an idealistic standpoint. Developmentally, all faces initially begin as female. Throughout development and puberty, aside from facial hair growth, higher levels of androgens in males stimulate the masculinization of facial soft tissues and bony structures. This results in the development of bulkier mid-face components and squarer jawlines, synonymous with a masculine appearance.
Forehead
Let's begin with the uppermost section of the face, spanning from the hairline to the eyebrows—the forehead. The male skull typically exhibits a larger size compared to a female skull, with a distinct shape. Men often feature a more robust, elevated, and broader forehead attributed to the characteristic shape of the frontal bone.
Moreover, the bony brow ridge, extending horizontally above the eye socket (supraorbital ridge), tends to be more pronounced in males. This prominence creates a slope in the male brow, forming a steeper angle with the nose, ultimately contributing to a deeper-set appearance of the eyes.
Subtle variations in the eyes and eyebrows' shape, size, position on the face and their relation to each other and other parts of the face cause enormous differences in determining feminine or masculine appearance to a face. Men typically exhibit square eye sockets and smaller, more deeply-set eyes compared to women. Conversely, they tend to have straighter, bushier eyebrows positioned closer to the eyes, thereby emphasizing the smaller size and deeper placement of their eyes.
Nose, Chin and Jawline
In males, attractiveness is often associated with a square jaw and a strong chin featuring a chiseled outline, contributing to the distinctive appearance of a masculine face. Men typically exhibit larger and broader jaws, with a more prominently protruded chin. In contrast, female jaws tend to be smaller, forming a V-shape with a less defined, rounder appearance compared to the more angular and well-defined structure of male jaws.
Men generally have larger noses characterized by wider bases, nostrils, and bridges. A straighter and higher nasal bridge is commonly deemed more masculine. The nasolabial angle, which represents the angle between the nose and the lips, tends to be smaller in men, typically not exceeding 90 degrees. This is due to the fact that male noses are typically less upturned compared to the more upturned noses commonly found in women.
Cheekbones (Zygomas)
In males, zygomas tend to be flatter with less projection, leading to a reduced triangulation effect on the face. Triangulation is determined by the points between the cheek and chin, where the chin serves as the apex of the triangle, and the lateral points of the cheeks form the base. In contrast, female cheeks are often higher, positioned more anteriorly, and may display hollowness in the lower regions.
Lips
Lips are quite expressive facial features. Although there are different lip types that could vary from one person to another, men generally have narrower lips that are flatter and less pronounced whereas women have more significant and fuller lip. Men have a longer upper lip, where the distance between the base of the nose and the border of the upper lip is longer.
Men also have increased skeletal muscle mass, which includes the mimetic muscles (muscles that control facial expression); less facial subcutaneous fat and thicker skin with more blood vessels and more sebaceous gland activity.
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